The ruling People’s Action Party has always believed that the expansion of the domestic economy is crucial to economic growth – a belief manifested through a variety of liberal immigrant and labour policies. But economists and analysts have pointed out that the overreliance on foreign workers has impacted on the city-state’s productivity levels. Easy access to cheap foreign labour, for example, remains an obstacle for small-medium size enterprises to upgrade their operations.
The issue of foreigners is as much an economic as it is a political one. Increasing concerns from citizens have also led to a re-consideration of such policies. Since 2007, approximately 150,000 foreign workers have entered Singapore per year, and they now make up about one-third of the island’s three million workforce. This surge in population figures has resulted in local concerns regarding overcrowding in public transportation and other public facilities, as well as unwanted competition for jobs and housing. In order to address such concerns, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the city-state would adjust the inflow of foreign workers this year, while making clear that they continued to play a key role in the expansion of the economy. The question is whether this calculated reduction in foreign workers represents a short or long term solution. The answer may be clearer after the General Elections due by February 2012.
Another example of policy fine-tuning was the publication of the 2010 Censorship Review Committee Report. With an eye towards regulating new media platforms, the government commissioned the committee to explore ways to improve existing media guidelines. Among the many recommendations, the committee called for the introduction of a ‘PG13’ rating, a calibrated approach on ‘Restricted 21’ (R21) content by allowing it on video-on-demand (VOD) on pay TV only, and the introduction of a term license scheme for arts entertainment. Even as the government constantly strives to retain regulatory control over technological and media change, the real issue here is how it will juggle the demands of the religious and moral conservatives against those of citizens who desire greater cultural and lifestyle freedoms.
Moving on, the question on everyone’s lips entering 2011 is whether this will be the year of the General Elections. If so, the PAP will have to negotiate several issues. The economy and employment will remain top priority. Although there are signs that the economy is recovering, given the end of the recession in the US, unemployment figures are likely to remain high for the time being.
Other perennial issues that will set the tone for the elections are the rising cost of living, the widening wage gap, and high ministerial salaries. Observers will also be watching to see if the most well organized among the opposition parties, The Worker’s Party, will be able to claim its first group representation constituency (GRC) or if it will remain hemmed in with a single seat. The Singapore Democratic Alliance’s leader, Chiam See Tong, will similarly attempt to win over a GRC. And finally, the wild card in the pack is the Reform Party. Founded by the late opposition veteran J. B. Jeyaretnam, it is now led by his eldest son, Kenneth Jeyaretnam, who has succeeded in attracting highly educated and qualified invidivuals to the party.
Collectively, the opposition parties on offer provide an interesting mix of styles. The Workers’ Party plays the role of ‘loyal opposition’, acknowledging that the PAP is best qualified to lead and campaigns on the need for minor tweaks in an otherwise efficient system. The confrontational politics and civil disobedience practiced by the Singapore Democratic Party project it as a more marginal group who view the ruling party’s hegemony as a clear obstacle to a more socially and politically equitable society. Finally, the Reform Party’s agenda to re-examine the economic and political fundamentals of the Singapore success story suggests a radical re-conceptualisation of the country’s future. Whatever the styles, if these opposition parties play their cards right and take advantage of the relaxed regulations in the year ahead, the Singapore voter may edge one step closer towards greater political pluralism.
K Kesavapany is the director of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, in Singapore, and is Singapore’s ambassador to Jordan.
This is part of the special feature: 2010 in review and the year ahead.