A January 10 op-ed in the Financial Times by Li Keqiang (China’s premier-in-waiting) argued that domestic demand has accelerated while 2010 imports ‘may well top $1,390 billion, ranking second in the world.’ China’s message: ‘we get it, World; so ease off on rebalancing.’ Meanwhile, Beijing hosted US defense secretary Robert Gates on 11 January, restoring high-level military dialogue after a long hiatus.

But the fluttering flags, red-coated fife and drum corps, and 21 cannon shots will belie the reality of a rapidly changing US-China relationship.

What the visit can do is to clear the air in some areas while yielding symbolic initiatives in others. But while positive statements, and perhaps even actions, are probable, the central challenges of US-China relations are increasingly structural.

For one, many, both in and out of China’s government, want to test what Beijing’s growing weight might yield. They are confident of China’s growing strength and relish the opportunity to, at minimum, make Washington work harder for Chinese support of ostensibly shared objectives. Many in China wish to see if Washington will accommodate a wider array of Chinese interests.

For their part, many in Washington have been chastened by China’s choices of the past 9-12 months—as has nearly every country in Asia. In 2009 and 2010, Beijing was far less accommodating than many in the Obama administration had hoped of US preferences on issues from climate, to the pace of renminbi appreciation, to coordinated action in response to North Korean provocations. Despite successes—for example, mutual support for Iran-related sanctions in the UN Security Council—China’s deliberate, self-interested approach in many areas simply did not mesh with American exhortations or expectations. And on Iran, for example, China has not changed its fundamental approach: it retains strong interests in commercial cooperation with Iran and seeks to maintain its energy interests, in particular, even if it ultimately respects sanctions. Chinese oil companies are long-term players who hope to weather the current storm and maintain a presence. They will not likely proceed with new contracts and are slowing down old ones in the short term; they will, however, retain ties to the current Iranian regime and position themselves to move quickly when the present environment changes.

Meanwhile, supportive domestic constituencies (who have long provided ballast to US-China relations in tough times) continue to fracture. China’s central bank has, in various ways, made the case for currency appreciation. But Chinese export lobbies continue to resist, arguing that many companies will go under and China will suffer massive job losses. And this dynamic plays out on the American side too: a once-solid business lobby has, quite clearly, become more conflicted. Few, if any, US firms are pulling out of China. But, for example, a 2010 survey from the American Chamber of Commerce in China put the percentage of US companies that feel unwelcome in the Chinese market at 38 percent, up 15 points from 23 percent just two years ago in 2008. And that sentiment extends beyond technology companies, like Google, into the manufacturing sector, with a variety of companies now complaining about a host of issues, from intellectual property theft to non-tariff barriers to various aspects of China’s regulatory regime.

Are these challenges manageable? Probably. But China and the US have become centerpieces in wider strategic and economic debates on each side that are bigger than bilateral relations per se.

In the US, these include: (1) the future of American manufacturing, competitiveness, and innovation; (2) the future of US primacy in Asia; and (3) what kind of global arrangements best serve US interests.

In China, such debates include: (1) the pace and scope of economic rebalancing; (2) whether (and when) to knuckle under to international pressure on China’s currency and industrial policies; and (3) how to bolster Chinese military projection.

And so, while the US and China are deeply interdependent, a growing number of stakeholders on both sides find that reality deeply disquieting. And these structural changes comprise the backdrop to Hu’s visit.

Take Chinese industrial policy: if 2010 was dominated by the currency issue, 2011 may well see industrial policies rise to the fore, especially if China sustains a gradual appreciation of the renminbi.

But such tensions will be especially challenging because they strike at the core of each country’s economic competitiveness: China’s ability to compete with US firms has improved faster in some areas than many had anticipated. From high-speed rail to nuclear power plants, China’s capacity to digest foreign technology, re-engineer it to Chinese specifications, and then produce (but as a lower-cost competitor) have unnerved a host of foreign companies, who now question the wisdom of transferring technology to China. The underlying fear is that if China can quickly produce substitutable (but cheaper) products, then foreign firms will be marginalised. And Hu’s trip will, in some sense, showcase just how difficult it will be for the US to coordinate actions and responses as the complexities of this Chinese challenge vary across sectors and affect distinct companies differently.

For this reason, China’s ‘indigenous innovation’ policy will be much discussed during the visit, particularly the terms of prospective Chinese accession to the WTO government procurement agreement. But the summit will likely produce agreements only on principles and frameworks … if even that.

US-China relations have been fraught since at least the 1980s. And let’s be clear: the two have had numerous ups and downs, and they have seen worse—much worse—than their current spate of tension.

But structural changes are afoot that are sure to make the next several years more difficult. And even when the two sides share interests, divergent threat assessments and countervailing interests too often obstruct efforts to fashion complementary policies.

Evan Feigenbaum is head of the Asia practice group at the Eurasia Group and adjunct senior fellow for Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations.

This piece was originally published here, on Asia Unbound, by the Council on Foreign Relations.