Account holders will also receive up to Rp100,000 (US$1650) of accident insurance and an overdraft of Rp5000 (US$82) after six months. Phase two of the plan, starting 15 August 2015, will be focused on providing micro-insurance and pension schemes for those in the unorganised sectors.
Whether or not Modi’s financial inclusion plan will be a success relies on probably the biggest challenge his government will face in rolling it out: outreach. The early response to the program has been good. The government targeted 10 million accounts to be opened on the first day. They exceeded their target by 50 per cent as 15 million accounts were opened at nearly 80,000 government-run camps.
Despite this, there are concerns about whether banking facilities can be provided to the most remote parts of India. The answer perhaps lies in mobile technology. In his Independence Day speech, the prime minister expressed concerns that Indians have mobile phones but not bank accounts. With over 900 million mobile subscriptions in India, mobile banking is a great opportunity to reach the government’s target of 100 per cent banking coverage.
Despite low smart phone penetration, mobile banking can facilitate widespread usage of formal banking facilities through technologies aimed at all mobile phone models, particularly phones that lack internet connectivity. Telephone banking and technologies such as Unstructured Supplementary Service Data, which works in a similar way to text messaging services, will allow people in remote parts of the country to use basic banking facilities. It is quite ironic to note that a technology less than two decades old is vital in spreading the adoption of a service that has been available for centuries.
In terms of economic growth and development, the importance of financial inclusion cannot be understated. At the micro level, it provides social security for each household in India, as they are no longer subject to extortion practices arising from banking in the informal sector, including predatory lending by loan sharks. The government will also have a direct means to provide welfare to a person in need, which in turn helps curb the corruption arising from delivering welfare cash-in-hand.
At the macro level, financial inclusion has a major impact on economic growth. It will help to formalise many industries as income can be catalogued and taxed more efficiently. This in turn leads to better estimates of economic data, allowing for more transparency in the economy and more accurate forecasts. Increased tax revenue would increase government spending, allowing for increased financing of government led infrastructural developments. More bank accounts would also lead to an increase in reserves for Indian banks. This allows for more loans to be taken out and increases consumption and investment in the economy, both major components of GDP.
One of the Modi government’s major concerns is India’s stubbornly high inflation rate following the global financial crisis. In a society with very few or no unbanked people, the Reserve Bank of India can implement monetary policy decisions with greater effect. As there are more people with bank accounts, high interest rates will result in more people saving, thus reducing the inflation rate.
Despite its popularity, the financial inclusion scheme has its fair share of critics. Apart from the issue of outreach, critics argue that providing India’s poor with a bank account is not enough to ensure financial inclusion. Without there being tailor-made financial products to suit the needs of the poor, the plan will lead to many dormant accounts making the scheme irrelevant. Phase two of the plan aims to tailor financial products to the poor through pension schemes and micro insurance, but India is still a long way from being able to provide products such as short-term or low collateral loans.
Another concern is that the scheme could result in an unstructured dole out of subsidies, as there is currently no clear method of collecting repayments once an overdraft has been disbursed. This issue is further aggravated by the fact that the accounts are being offered to everyone, with screening being done later. As a result, people who already have bank accounts have access to the scheme, making the possibility of misuse a valid concern.
Some of the concerns mentioned above can be alleviated through stricter regulation and monitoring. Additionally, it is imperative for the government to ensure that their scheme is appropriate for the people it is meant for. The best way to do that would be through providing tailored financial products and services to the average owner of a bank account through the Jan-Dhan Yojana. This will ensure widespread adoption, increased inclusion of the population into India’s financial system and potentially lower risks for banks.
India is on the path to becoming a cashless society. Prime Minister Modi’s Jan-Dhan Yojana is one more step towards a more developed India. And possibly a big step — if successful.
Dr Geethanjali Nataraj is a Senior Fellow and Akshay Gakhar is a Research Intern at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi.