Prime Minister Najib Razak inherited a budget situation characterised by a lack of fiscal discipline from previous administrations, and he made a concerted effort to address this problem .

He has implemented policies that will see a reduction in the fiscal deficit from 3.5 per cent of of GDP in 2014 to 3.0 per cent of GDP in 2015. The government has also rationalised subsidies. It cut petrol and diesel subsidies by about 20 sen (about 6 US cents) per litre on 2 October. Fortuitously, the global price of oil has been falling, lending a fine sense of timing to the subsidy cuts which are best executed when market prices are declining, as they are now.

Equally commendable was the decision to introduce a goods and services tax (GST) in April 2015. The announcement for this plan was also cleverly timed. With the elections safely behind him, and with the 14th general elections not for another five years, Najib can undertake unpopular reforms in 2015, like introducing the GST, and then work to improve his political goodwill in the next few years, with the hope that the GST will be forgotten by the time the elections are due. Timing is again in Najib’s favour, since, although low oil prices will slash government revenue, this will be compensated to some extent by the broad ranging GST revenue collection that will begin in the months to come.

Concerns about public and household debt have haunted Malaysia last year. Household debt currently stands at about 87.1 per cent of GDP and government debt is about 53 per cent of GDP. Government spending needs to be further scrutinised and reviewed, the size of the public sector (a vote bank though it may be) has to be reconsidered, and the worthiness of large projects have to be questioned with the circumspection of a fussy accountant.

There are undeniably many good targets from which to cut. The Auditor-General’s report on government spending in 2013 documents enormous cost blowouts: computers worth RM3,000 (US$850) being procured for RM 8,400 ($2400), facilities costing millions not being used, and a whole plethora of items whose inflated prices suggest gross mismanagement. If the Auditor General’s report is any indication of the extent of public sector mismanagement, then the government should be tackling issues of project management, transparency in procurement and efficiency and productivity in the public sector even before it rolls out the GST.

Inflation rates moderated in the last few months of 2014. Early last year inflation was running at about 3.4 per cent and softened to about 2.7 per cent  towards the end of 2014. Though these rates appear reasonable, actual inflation as it is experienced by the Malaysian people (or felt inflation) is higher; and  public perception of the rising cost of living is, indeed, critical.

At any rate, the official inflation rate can be expected to spike in May 2015 with the introduction of the GST, possibly as high as 4.5 per cent. This is to be expected. International experience suggests a one-time price spike of anything from an additional 1 to 2 per cent following the implementation of the GST. In the case of Malaysia, household spending in 2015 will be constrained both because of limited disposable income and eroded purchasing power due to the GST-induced price hikes.

The external sector does not seem ready to lend any solace. The Malaysian ringgit is taking a beating against the US dollar. Declining confidence in the ringgit, mainly because of the decline in oil prices, could stretch for the next few months. That might do Malaysian exports, particularly those from the electrical and electronics sector, some good.

But there are dark clouds hanging over the markets for Malaysian exports. China, Malaysia’s biggest trade partner, is set for more domestic reforms that are more inward-oriented. The anticipated lower growth rate in China, forecast to be 7 per cent or slightly less, will lower demand from China, which in turn will have an impact on Malaysia’s economy.

The forecast for Japan’s growth next year is not terribly encouraging at 1 per cent and the European Union is expected grow at about the same rate, touching perhaps 1.2 per cent. The IMF has downgraded its global growth forecast for 2015 to 3.8 per cent from 4 per cent. The saving grace will come from stronger US markets. While the improving US market will help Malaysian exports, it will result in higher interest rates in the US, and the resulting interest rate differential will see funds flow out of Malaysia. All these factors in combination could cause the growth rate in Malaysia to weaken, perhaps within the range of 4.8 to 5 per cent.

All of these factors will combine to produce a tough political environment for Najib’s government to navigate as it pursues reform.

The last days of 2014 were tragic. The Air Asia crash followed two other crashes. Then there were the massive floods that have affected several states, displacing more than a 100,000 people and resulting in over 20 lost lives. The cost of compensation, resettlement and redevelopment will be a huge burden on the government, but one that will necessarily have to be borne.

On the external front, Najib will also have to be decisive about the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement, since little has been done politically to allay fears on the agreement, particularly for the potential losers who would constitute a small but powerful group. Then there is the ASEAN Economic Community agenda and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement which have to be managed while Malaysia holds the chair of ASEAN. The chairmanship will be a demanding task in its own right.

Thus 2015 is set to be a busy year for the Najib government.

Dr Shankaran Nambiar is a Senior Research Fellow at the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research. He is author of the recently published book, “The Malaysian Economy: Rethinking Policies and Purposes” All views in this article are his personal views.

This article is part of an EAF special feature series on 2014 in review and the year ahead.