It has quickly been accepted as foundational evidence in support of the tariffs and other punitive trade measures that US President Donald Trump’s administration has initiated against China in recent months, and it is powerful ammunition in a potential trade war. But the report is wide of the mark in several key areas.
First, it accuses China of ‘forced technology transfer’, arguing that US companies must turn over the blueprints of proprietary technologies and operating systems in order to do business in China. This transfer is alleged to take place within the structure of joint-venture arrangements — partnerships with domestic counterparts that China and other countries have long established as models for the growth and expansion of new businesses. There are currently more than 8000 joint ventures operating in China, out of a total of over 110,000 joint ventures and strategic alliances that have been set up around the world since 1990.
US and other multinational corporations willingly enter into these legally negotiated arrangements for commercially sound reasons — not only to establish a toehold in China’s rapidly growing domestic markets, but also as a means to improve operating efficiency with a low-cost offshore Chinese platform. Portraying US companies as innocent victims of Chinese pressure is certainly at odds with my own experience as an active participant in Morgan Stanley’s joint venture with the China Construction Bank (and a few small minority investors) to establish China International Capital Corporation (CICC) in 1995.
As we joined with our partners in creating China’s first investment bank we shared our business practices, proprietary products and distribution systems. But contrary to the assertions of the USTR, we were hardly forced into these arrangements. We had our own commercial objectives and wanted to build a world-class financial services firm in China. By the time we sold our stake in 2010 — at a rather attractive return to Morgan Stanley shareholders, I might add — CICC was well on its way to attaining those goals.
The second area where the USTR’s Section 301 report is problematic is its portrayal of China’s focus on outward investment — its ‘going out’ strategy — as a unique state-directed plan aimed at gobbling up newly emerging US companies and their proprietary technologies. In fact, the report devotes more than twice as many pages to charges concerning China’s supposed external technology theft via such acquisitions — which are framed as a blatant grab for America’s most precious assets — as it does to internal transfers through joint ventures and alleged unfair licensing practices. The USTR presents the Made in China 2025 campaign as prima facie evidence of a devious socialist plot to attain global dominance in the industries of the future: autonomous vehicles, high-speed rail, advanced information technologies and machine tools, exotic new materials, biopharmaceuticals and sophisticated medical products, as well as new power sources and advanced agricultural equipment.
Never mind that industrial policies are a time-tested strategy for developing countries that seek to avoid the dreaded middle-income trap by shifting from imported to indigenous innovation. The USTR accuses China of sponsoring a unique strain of state-directed, heavily subsidised industrial policy that unfairly aims to snatch competitive supremacy from free and open market-based systems, like the United States, which are supposedly playing by different rules.
Yet even developed countries have relied on industrial policy to achieve national economic and competitive objectives. Industrial policy was central to Japan’s so-called plan-rational development state, which underpinned its rapid growth in the 1970s and the 1980s. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry perfected the art of state-subsidised credit allocation and tariffs to protect Japan’s sunrise industries, an effort that was matched by Germany’s equally impressive Wirtschaftswunder, augmented by strong support for the Mittelstand of small- and medium-size enterprises.
Moreoveer, it was US President Dwight Eisenhower who in 1961 drew attention to America’s powerful military–industrial complex as the linchpin of state-sponsored, taxpayer-funded innovation in the United States. NASA-related spinoffs, the Internet, GPS, breakthroughs in semiconductors, nuclear power, imaging technology and pharmaceutical innovations are all important and highly visible manifestations of US industrial policy. The United States simply does it through its federal defence budget, where outlays of close to US$700 billion this year are more than the combined total earmarked for defence in China, Russia, the United Kingdom, India, France, Japan, Saudi Arabia and Germany.
For the USTR to claim that China alone relies on industrial policy as a means toward this end is the height of hypocrisy.
Cyber-espionage is the third leg of the stool in the USTR’s case against China. In this area, there can be no mistaking the evidence of China’s People’s Liberation Army as a major actor in cyber intrusions directed at US commercial interests. These problems were so serious that US president Barack Obama presented top-secret evidence of state-sponsored computer hacking to Chinese President Xi Jinping at the so-called Sunnylands Summit in September 2015. Since then, most reports point to a reduction in Chinese incursions. Yet the evidence cited in the USTR report in support of cyber-related trade violations largely predates that confrontation.
The USTR’s seemingly impressive Section 301 report is a biased political document that has further inflamed anti-China sentiment in the United States. As a result, Chinese-sponsored intellectual property theft is now taken as a given by an America that increasingly sees itself as a victim. Like the rest of the world, the Chinese are tough competitors, and they do not always play by the rules. For that, they need to be held accountable. But the case made by the USTR is an embarrassing symptom of a scapegoat mentality that has turned America into a nation of whiners.
Stephen S Roach, former Chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia and the firm’s chief economist, is a senior fellow at Yale University’s Jackson Institute of Global Affairs and a senior lecturer at Yale’s School of Management. He is the author of Unbalanced: The Codependency of America and China.
A version of this article was originally published here at Project Syndicate.